Retraction is issued when a published article is found to contain major errors or serious ethical violations that invalidate its findings or compromise the integrity of the scholarly record. A retracted article will remain accessible for transparency but will be clearly marked as Retracted in all online versions.

Retraction decisions are made solely by the Editor-in-Chief in consultation with the Editorial Board and, where appropriate, the publisher. Authors will be informed of the investigation and given an opportunity to respond before a final decision is reached.

An article may be retracted for one or more of the following reasons:

• Research misconduct or fabrication of data.
• Falsification or manipulation of research results.
• Plagiarism or substantial unattributed text overlap.
• Duplicate or redundant publication.
• Unauthorized use of copyrighted material.
• Serious methodological or analytical errors that invalidate the conclusions.
• Unethical research involving human participants or animals.
• Undisclosed conflicts of interest that significantly affect the publication.
• Peer-review manipulation or fraudulent editorial practices.
• Any violation of publication ethics that compromises the integrity of the article.

Whenever concerns are raised regarding a published article, the Editorial Office initiates a confidential investigation. The journal evaluates all available evidence, communicates with the corresponding author, and, where appropriate, consults reviewers, editors, or independent experts before reaching a final decision.

During the investigation, the journal ensures impartiality, confidentiality, due process, and compliance with internationally accepted publication ethics.

The journal recognizes that honest errors may occasionally occur in published articles. When such errors do not invalidate the overall findings of the research but require clarification, correction, or amendment, the Editorial Board will publish an official Correction Notice linked to the original article.

Corrections are issued to maintain the accuracy and integrity of the scholarly record while ensuring transparency for readers.

If credible evidence suggests potential misconduct or significant problems with a published article, but the investigation has not yet been concluded, the Editorial Board may publish an Expression of Concern.

This notice informs readers that questions have been raised regarding the article while ensuring that a fair and impartial investigation can be completed before any final editorial action is taken.

Withdrawal applies only to manuscripts that have been accepted but have not yet been formally published. Requests for withdrawal must be submitted in writing by the corresponding author together with a clear explanation of the reasons for the request.

After publication, articles are generally not withdrawn. Instead, the journal will consider issuing a correction, expression of concern, or retraction, depending on the nature and severity of the issue.

• Conduct fair, objective, and confidential investigations.
• Protect the integrity of the scholarly record.
• Communicate with authors during the investigation process.
• Consult reviewers or independent experts when necessary.
• Publish corrections, expressions of concern, or retractions transparently.
• Follow internationally accepted publication ethics and COPE recommendations.

Authors are expected to promptly notify the Editorial Office if they discover significant errors in their published work. Authors should cooperate fully during investigations and provide all relevant information requested by the Editorial Board.

Failure to cooperate or attempts to conceal research misconduct may result in retraction of the article and additional editorial actions in accordance with the journal's Publication Ethics Policy.

Whenever a correction, expression of concern, or retraction is issued, the journal will publish a clearly identifiable notice linked to the original article. The notice will explain the reason for the editorial action while preserving the transparency and integrity of the scholarly record.

Didanesia: Journal of Education is committed to preserving the integrity of the scholarly record through transparent editorial practices. All decisions concerning corrections, expressions of concern, and retractions are made objectively, fairly, and in accordance with internationally recognized publication ethics principles, including the recommendations of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).

The journal promotes honesty, transparency, accountability, and responsible research conduct while safeguarding the rights of authors, reviewers, editors, and readers.

Retraction, correction, or expression of concern notices are permanently linked to the original article to ensure transparency and preserve the integrity of the scientific record. Retracted articles remain available online with a clear retraction notice and watermark where appropriate.